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Differences between Gray box testing, Black box testing and White box testing

In the field of software testing, there are three popular testing methods: Gray Box, Black Box and White Box Testing. This article will introduce the definitions, differences and practical applications of these software testing methods.

Black box testing

Black box testing is a testing technique that is based solely on the expected inputs and outputs of the software, without regard to its internal workings. Testers do not need to care about the source code, structure or design of the software. Black Box Testing focuses on the quality of the final product, ensuring that it meets customer requirements and expectations.

blackbox testing process

Black Box Testing is often applied to high levels of testing such as system testing, acceptance testing or security testing. Some popular Black Box Testing methods are: boundary testing, equivalence testing, decision table testing, constraint value testing.

Black Box Testing is based on some basic assumptions:

  • Testers have no knowledge of the structure or inner workings of the application.
  • Testers can only interact with the application through the user interface or application programming interface (API).
  • The goal of black box testing is to find functional errors in the application.

Black box testing has many outstanding advantages, including:

  • Black box testing can be applied to all levels of software testing.
  • Black Box Testing can be performed by testers with a lower technical level, which does not require the tester to have knowledge about the structure or inner workings of the application.

However, black box testing also has certain disadvantages, specifically:

  • Black Box Testing may not be able to detect application logic or performance errors.
  • Black box testing can be time consuming and laborious to perform.

White box testing

White Box Testing is a testing technique based on the source code and internal structure of the software. Testers need to have knowledge of programming languages, design and logic of the software. White Box Testing focuses on verifying the correctness and efficiency of source code, detecting and fixing errors at the most detailed level.

white testing process

White Box Testing is often applied to lower levels of testing, such as unit or integration. Some common White Box Testing methods are: control flow testing, data flow testing, equivalence class testing.

White Box Testing White Box Testing is based on some basic assumptions:

  • Testers have knowledge about the structure or inner workings of the application.
  • Testers can use the application’s source code to design test cases.
  • The goal of white box testing is to find logic or performance errors in the application.

However, white box testing also has some disadvantages as follows:

  • Requires knowledge of programming languages and internal structures.
  • White box testing may not test all the functionalities of the application.

Gray box testing

Gray Box Testing is a testing technique that combines black box test vs white box test. The tester has some knowledge about the internal structure of the software, but does not need to know the details of the source code. Gray Box Testing focuses on the functionality, interface, and requirements of the software, independent of the internal implementation.

Kiểm thử hộp xám (2)

Gray Box Testing can be applied to different levels of testing, from unit, integration, system to acceptance. Some popular Gray Box Testing methods are: model-based testing, scenario-based testing, error-based testing.

Gray box testing is based on some basic assumptions:

  • Testers have some knowledge about the structure or inner workings of the application.
  • Testers can use the application’s source code to design some test cases.
  • The goal of gray box testing is to detect a wider range of errors than black box testing, but more effectively than white box testing.

Although there are many advantages, gray box testing also has the following disadvantages:

  • Requires some knowledge of internal structure.
  • May not be as comprehensive as white box testing.

The difference among Black box testing – White box testing – Gray box testing

Black box testing, white box testing and gray box testing are three popular types of software testing. However, many people still do not clearly understand the difference between them. The following table summarizes the main differences between these three types of testing:

FeatureBlack box testingWhite box testingGray box testing
TargetFunctional testingCheck internal codeCombine black box and white box testing
MethodCheck input and outputReview code and use code coverage testing toolsLimited knowledge of internal structure
Main focusRequirements for functionality, user experience, compatibilityCode quality, logic correctness, efficiencyBoth function and internal structure
AdvantageNo code knowledge required, no biasDetect logic or performance errors effectivelyError detection scope is wider than black box testing, effectively
DisadvantageLogic or performance errors may not be detected, which is time consumingCode knowledge required, may not test all functionsRequires some code knowledge, may not be comprehensive
Differences between Black Box – White Box – Gray Box Testing

If the project needs to ensure that the application meets its functional requirements, then black box testing is a suitable choice. If the project needs to ensure that the application is coded correctly and works efficiently, then white box testing or gray box testing is a suitable choice.

In fact, these testing methods are often combined together for maximum effectiveness. For example, black box testing can be used to test the main functions of the application, then white box testing or gray box testing can be used to test more complex functions or to Look for logic or performance errors.

See more: The difference between alpha testing vs. beta testing

The information shared in the article above has helped you understand more about popular software testing methods including Gray box testing, Black box testing and White box testing. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the specific needs of the project, the appropriate testing method can be chosen. Besides, it is also possible to combine methods to bring the highest efficiency.

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